Table 3 Themes and Sub-themes of Content Analysis
| Theme | Subtheme | Codes |
|---|---|---|
| Communication | strained working relationships |
barriers to aid, attitudes of Chinese workers, language barrier, culture, training, politics |
| language barriers | language barrier | |
| varying social norms and mores | culture, value | |
| patronization of African HCW | attitudes of Chinese workers, aid person, burnout | |
| Cultural Perspectives and Historical Context | lack of cultural relativity | culture, value, attitudes of Chinese health workers |
| power dynamics | awareness, colonial history, corporate, politics | |
| lack of historical context | barriers to aid, future, colonial history, politics | |
| absence of trust |
barriers to aid, attitudes of Chinese workers, trust, not observed, impact | |
| Divergence between Political and Business Agendas | opportunities for private investment | corporate, politics, value |
| moral hazard and adverse selection |
politics, impact, trust, economic development, corporate, value | |
| unequal distribution of political capital (i.e. reference how Africans feel obliged to accept donations) | colonial history, politics, economic development, corporate, impact, value | |
| concealed motivation | impact, attitudes of Chinese workers, future | |
| influence of multilateral organizations | politics, lack of external collaboration, colonial history, trust, value | |
| Organization of Aid Implementation | countries’ policies and procedures misaligned |
barriers to aid, procedures, coordination failure, capacity failure |
| substandard or expired donations | idle resources, material resources, not observed, substandard, logistical failure, barriers to aid, lack of regulation | |
| country needs not met |
in-country needs, material resources, infrastructure, training, recommendations, economic development | |
| inadequate training |
training, sustainability, material resources, aid person, barriers, politics, country needs | |
| Management and Leadership | poor country and donor collaboration | logistical failure, barriers to aid, lack of external collaboration |
| inadequate consultation | barriers to aid, consultation | |
| lack of central authority |
barriers to aid, capacity failure, logistical failure, sufficient internal communication | |
| Sustainability | wasted, lost, or destroyed resources |
idle resources, language barriers, training, material resources, inadequate consultation, sufficient internal communication, lack of external collaboration, not observed |
| lack of M&E protocol | evaluation, sustainability | |
| aid worker burnout |
sustainability, evaluation, burnout, attitudes of Chinese health workers |